Migraines are a reasonably common genetic neurological disorder, affecting approximately 12% of Americans1. It is sometimes thought that migraines are simply bad headaches, but research has shown they are markedly different. They are notably more intense headaches, often accompanied by throbbing pain, usually on one side of the head, as well as sensitivity to light, sound, touch, or smell. Some people experience nausea and vomiting as well2.
Headaches are classified as either primary or secondary. A typical headache is generally the result of another health issue, such as dental issues, dehydration, or head injury; this would be classified as a secondary headache. Migraines on the other hand are not resulting from another health issue and cannot be tested for or imaged (primary headache)1.
The presence of what is called an “Aura” is also unique to migraines. They are symptoms that often give warning to an impending attack. Only around 20% of sufferers have aura. They often present as visual, audible, or tactile sensations and sometimes as abnormalities in speech. Aura’s may last up to an hour before the headache itself begins, but this can vary greatly from person to person in duration and type1.
Migraines can present themselves in four stages (though not everyone will experience all or any of these). These stages are known as Prodrome, Aura, Attack, and Postdrome2.
- Prodrome – A “pre-headache” phase; can last hours to days.
- Aura – Often visual or sensory; can last up to an hour before the headache begins
- Attack – Headache that lasts 4 – 72 hours
- Post-drome – A feeling of fatigue and confusion that can last 1 – 2 days after the attack
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References
- Cleveland Clinic. (n.d.). Migraine headaches: Causes, treatment & symptoms. Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5005-migraine-headaches
- Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (2021, July 2). Migraine. Mayo Clinic. Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-headache/symptoms-causes/syc-20360201